2025, Vol. 13, Issue 4, Part B

author(s)
Olufunto Omodele Adeleye, Emmanuel Oluwagbenga Adejobi, Yasar Olalekan Sulaiman, Darasimi Racheal Olorunlowu, Rukayat Adebayo Fatunwase, Oyindamola Munirat Adewale, Ayomide Esther Isaac, Sarafina Adejoke Ajisola, Adewale Samson Adeyemi, Sofiyat Oyindamola Azeez and Abigail Oluwadamilare Oyelude

abstract
Calabash chalk, a traditional geophagic substance commonly consumed in sub-Saharan Africa, contains lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), vanadium (V), and arsenic (As), which are heavy metals posing serious health risks. This review examines its toxicological effects, particularly on maternal and child health, as well as neurodevelopmental outcomes. While culturally valued for its perceived medicinal benefits, studies link its consumption during pregnancy to impaired fetal growth, reproductive toxicity, and neurobehavioral abnormalities in animal studies. Limited human data show elevated lead levels in umbilical cord blood, suggesting potential transgenerational harm. Toxic mechanisms include Pb-induced oxidative stress and As-related carcinogenicity, worsened by environmental co-exposures. Research gaps include inconsistent dosing in studies, a lack of long-term human data, and unexplored epigenetic impacts. Public health interventions; such as stricter regulation, community awareness campaigns, and promoting safer alternatives, are urgently needed to reduce risks without disregarding cultural significance.